Among these was the authority to create a "body of independent militarymen". Hartvigsen thinks it is even possible that the flag may have even been used earlier during the Missouri persecutions. In 1838 the Missouri militia had contemplated a court-martial against Smith, an action that might have been illegal had it been carried out, as Smith was only a civilian at that time. history of the nauvoo legion as it existed in utah but little material in that work pertains directly to this study it is hoped therefore that this thesis will be a worthwhile contribution to ones increased understanding and appreciation of a memorable institution in the mormon past the nauvoo legion 2 aval1 labie ng appa Arestlyreutly ln i COU-AC sl a histonical. People came from all over the US to be part of the parade. "Legion of Nauvoo, " Journal History of the Church, Copyright ©2021 The Joseph Smith Jr and Emma Hale Smith Historical Society, © Joseph Smith Jr and Emma Hale Smith Historical Society 2021, Short Biographies of Joseph, Emma, and their family, Emma Smith, My Story Removes False Traditions, 10 Things You Most Likely Didn't Know About Emma Smith - Called to Share, Children of Joseph Smith and Emma Smith History. Indeed, the legion became so popular that many non-Mormons joined the ranks. Joseph Smith himself was Nauvoo's second mayor, and the Nauvoo court martial also appointed him as highest-ranking officer of the Legion, a Lieutenant General. The bronze 4 pounder was found to have the crest of King Carlos 3 of Spain. General Smith took special notice of the imposing display of spears, lances, and bayonets. At 3:00pm Legionnaires took their positions on the battlefield. The most common musket issued to these militiamen was the Model 1816 Musket. Mormon Battalion/Nauvoo Legion "Life Guards" Flag. It was there Smith was killed by a mob. Upwards of eleven thousand visitors stood near the parade grounds waiting for the military events to begin. The iron Spanish 2 and 6 pound cannons remain in storage in Salt Lake City. NauvooLegionpaint.gif 576 × 378; 136 KB. Nine days later, on June 27, he was murdered in Carthage, Illinois. Not long after the arrival of the Mormons in Iowa, in 1846, Mormon legionnaires volunteered to serve in the 500 man Mormon Battalion for the U.S. government military expedition to Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. The sham battle that followed had the trappings of a great contest. This was the first Nauvoo Legion review and parade. The Nauvoo Legion in Illinois was able to draw on Federal stands of arms. Voter-conscious Illinois Democrats and Whigs (including Abraham Lincoln) passed a bipartisan city-state charter for Nauvoo in 1840. Nauvoo Legion Activities Incite Surrounding Militias The parades and other activities of the legion — which included mock battles — attracted visitors from near and far. Five 1803 Harpers Ferry rifles were issued to the hunters of company A. When the Mormon Battalion was enlisted in July, 1846, about 450 Model 1816 muskets were issued to the infantry. Personal arms were also used. Records for the weapons issued to the other companies are missing. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Mormon Battalion (United States Army) (1846–1847), Mormon Battalion – five companies (534–559), Utah Territorial Military Commander Robert T. Burton, Utah Territorial Governor Stephen S. Harding. The 2nd Cavalry Regiment, also known as the 2nd Dragoons, is an active Stryker infantry and cavalry regiment of the United States Army.The Second Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army Europe, with its garrison at the Rose Barracks in Vilseck, Germany.It can trace its lineage back to the early part of the 19th century. Interesting is an alternative, historical scenario: The Indian tribes end their antagonisms and annihilate the US Army, led by President Rutherford Hayes, on 30 May 1876. Rather than employ the Legion to protect Nauvoo from increased mob violence, Young directed Nauvoo's tens of thousands of citizens to migrate peacefully to the western part of the continent which wasn't yet part of the United States and they founded the territory of Utah. It arrived in Salt Lake in 1852. None of the colorful banners garnered the surprise element as did the flag carried by the Legion Band. A carronade, a ship cannon, was purchased by the legion in Nauvoo. History records more parades, drills, and mustering’s held in the weeks following Smith’s death than in the preceding two years. The parade was led by missionaries carrying flags and wearing uniforms that represented the Nauvoo Legion. General Smith announced that Sidney Rigdon, a member of the First Presidency of the Church, would speak to the assembled audience. Likely a cavalry guidon of the Utah era version of the Nauvoo Legion. To their surprise, the afternoon house were filled with the dedication of three more temple cornerstones. [2] The Legion was organized into two regiments (called cohorts) of infantry and one regiment of cavalry. At the Legion parade, Brigham Young wore the uniform of the late Lieutenant General Joseph Smith. It, however, was not as cooperative in imposing the colonial regime as federal authorities would have liked. On that date, soldiers again gathered at an early hour at the parade grounds. Young, Brigham, and Everett L. Cooley. I could barely keep up and was falling behind. The Nauvoo Legion was a state-authorized militia of the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, United States. All three Spanish cannons, which were brought to Salt Lake City on pallets, were mounted on carriages copied from the mountain howitzer carriage, probably in preparation for the Mormon defense against Johnston's army in 1857. Depleted of its official status, remnants assumed roles such as guardians of the handcart and wagon companies heading west after being reorganized by Hosea Stout on September 22, 1846, as they amassed on the other side of the Mississippi River in the territory of Iowa where the citizens of Nauvoo were safe from attack by mobs and Illinois and Missouri militia, and waited for winter to end so they could migrate (citation needed). This flag was saluted with canon fire and than accompanied the Nauvoo legion as it made its solemn sacred march up mauholland street to … Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 7 vols. MS 3430, fd. The Illinois state legislature granted Nauvoo a liberal city charter that gave the Nauvoo Legion extraordinary independence even though it was still a component of the Illinois State Militia and under the ultimate authority of the Governor of Illinois. Few Legionnaires at this, their last parade, walked with heads held high and even fewer recalled the boastful days when Hosea Stout’s poem of greatness applied: They’ll find that Illinois firm in her place will stand. The city charter: laws, ordinances, and acts of the City Council of the City of Nauvoo. Beschreibung Nauvoo Legion Cavalry Guidon (Probable).svg English: An illustration based on a swallowtail flag owned by the Museum of Church History and Art, now known as the Church History Museum. The Nauvoo Legion was permanently disbanded in 1887. During the American Civil War, federal troops either were withdrawn from Utah, or in many cases left to join the rebellion, Johnston who had led the invading federal army being among the latter group. After the men were released from service in 1847, they headed for home, many stopping for temporary employment at Sutter's Fort. He recalled crimes perpetrated against Latter-day Saints in Missouri and assured all present that in enduring “those scenes of tribulation, his confidence, his courage and his joy had been increasing instead of diminishing.”  He cautioned exuberant Legionnaires “not to usurp authority, but to obey as they are commanded and directed; to honor, not the world, but Him that is alive and regins.”5, Then, on cue, architects laid a cornerstone of the temple in its proper place. The Legion was followed by flag bearers from different countries of those that migrated here to join the church. Hoping to keep their fears at bay, General Smith ordered all pomp, ceremony, and sham battles replaced with small company drills, company inspections, and company parades. This caused them to be lost after the deaths of the battalion members, because the source of the cannons was not written. Rigdon spoke of the significance of laying cornerstones for a House of the Lord. This rank is one step above Major General, which most contemporary militias employed as their commanding rank. To them, the Legion of Nauvoo had become a militia force to be feared. The waving Legion flags,4 the state flag of Illinois, and the famed red, white, and blue of the United States produced the desired effect – patriotic pride. An Afghan National Army soldier listens while a member of the U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit gives instructions during the Basic Rifle Marksmanship Instructor Course at Kabul Military Training Center, Afghanistan, Nov. 6, 2010. Media in category "Nauvoo Legion" The following 5 files are in this category, out of 5 total. Among those who accepted was Judge Stephen A. Douglas and thousands of other visitors streamed in Nauvoo before sunup on May 7, in wagons, carriages, skiffs, riverboats, and steamers. The final amen marked the close of the day’s events. Behind them came missionaries and members carrying flags of many of the nations from which the pioneer residents of Nauvoo had come. Mark walked for 2 of his great grandfathers but also walked for Truman O. Angell who was part of the Nauvoo Legion and one of my relatives. “We doubt whether the like was presented in any other city in the western country,” remarked General Smith.13, Other parades in 1842-1843 echoed the confidence of the May parade. Times and Seasons, 1839-1846 [Nauvoo, Illinois] 2, no. There Legion officers with their staffs formed an inner square while the infantry and cavalry formed an outer square. The alleged Nauvoo Legion Flag. An exact description of the Nauvoo Legion flag (1841-1845) is not available. Among these was the authority to create a "body of independent militarymen". Supposedly, this was to elevate the social status and official standing of some members of the city. NauvooLegion.jpg 470 × 364; 73 KB. The Legion flag of the 1850s had thirteen stars and stripes, symbolic of the United States flag. Next came the walkers, with some dressed in 1840s clothing. Although Legionnaires sorely grieved his death, they did not end their parading. At 10:00am Major General Bennett made a grand entrance to his brightly colored uniform with plumb atop a chapeau. It was held in conjunction with the 11th anniversary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It may have also been used by the Mormon Battalion in the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War (1846–1847). The name Nauvoo Legion was revived in Utah and applied to the organized militia of the state of Deseret and later of Utah Territory. The difference in the gathering was the “spit and polished” look of the armaments they carried. Then came the 2nd cohort (foot troops). 1. A few light cannons were also attached. People carried flags that represented the countries that they came from. Federal troops dispatched in response to the 1870 Ghost Dance ensured Shaffer's order was enforced. After the revocation of the Nauvoo Charter, the members of the Nauvoo Legion continued to operate under the command of Brigham Young, leader of the movement's largest faction, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). by authority by Nauvoo Legion (Ill.) . The one exception was Lieutenant General Smith, who declined to be an active participant in the battle. We became the last row of d flags in a hurry. The soldiers did not carry weapons.18  Parading without arms was a deliberate attempt to put the governor on notice that his order to surrender three cannons and 220 small arms on June 24, 1844, had crippled them in fulfilling their role as a state-sanctioned militia. Not long after the arrival of the Mormons in Iowa, in 1846, Mormon legionnaires volunteered to serve in the 500 man Mormon Battalion for the U.S. government military expedition to Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. The 1st cohort was under the command of General Wilson Law and the 2nd under the direction of General Charles C. Rich. When the Mormons established their theocratic city of Nauvoo on the banks of the Mississippi in 1839, they made self-defense a priority, having encountered persecution, violence, and forcible expulsion elsewhere. Many of them took time to pan for gold and they were quite successful. The Federal government made a reconciliatory approach to Brigham Young, requesting his help. The Nauvoo Legion never gathered again, and the 1887 Edmunds-Tucker Act permanently disbanded it. The provenance of the 2 pounder is currently unknown. Those representing the Nauvoo Legion led the parade and did the flag raising. Graphic Arts Collection. Flag this item for. It was carried to Salt Lake by the early party that occasionally used it as a speakers podium. Local commanders and members of the Iron County, Utah Territorial Militia, overcome with suspicion and war hysteria, perpetrated the Mountain Meadows Massacre against a group of wagon trains travelling from Arkansas to California in September. Albumen silver print of a lithograph. General Joseph Smith : Posted by Bedard Fine Arts at 10:42 AM No comments: Sunday, January 25, 2015. From Smith’s ornate sword to his favorite horse, “Jo Duncan,”   Young mirrored his slain predecessor. Twenty Mormon militiamen and many Native Americans died in the Walker War. At 9:30am cannon blasts signaled the arrival of, or as the Times and Seasons reported “gave an appropriate salute” to, Lieutenant General Joseph Smith, commander-in-chief.2  A silk flag – “The 26-Star Flag”3 was presented to General Smith by a delegation of ladies. Neither the Legion nor any other Mormon troops participated in the main theaters of the war, and the Legion's involvement ended in 1862, after Congress had passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act.[5]. Curious guests lingered near the temple grounds hoping that artillery fire, sword exercises, and a sham battle would follow. Previously, from May to June 1834 Joseph Smith led an expedition of Latter Day Saints, known as Zion's Camp from Kirtland, Ohio to Clay County, Missouri in an attempt to regain land from which the Saints had been expelled by non-Mormon settlers. Tanner Trust Fund, University of Utah Library, 1980 found online at: Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=328944, http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/BYUIBooks/id/3168, "Uniforms and Equipment of the Black Hawk War and the Mormon War", "Nauvoo Legion, 1840–1845 — A Unique Military Organization", "Series 2210: Territorial Militia Records, 1849–1877, 1905–[ca.1917]", List of Reorganized Restorationist churches, Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history, Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauvoo_Legion&oldid=1000193416, History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Military units and formations established in 1840, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah, Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Protect Mormon settlers from domestic and foreign enemies, This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 01:45. The soil deed started a fast pace . As Legionnaires obeyed, conspicuously missing at their minor events was the commander-in-chief and his military staff. Nauvoo Legion. By noon, the military entourage had reached the temple grounds in Nauvoo. It was also under the auspices of the militia that the groups of men were organized who were instructed to burn down Salt Lake City and other parts of northern Utah should the invading army try to take up residence. Most participants wore pioneer clothing and walked the one-mile route; others rode in horse-drawn wagons. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum surrendered at the Carthage, Illinois jail, with the promise of protection from Governor Thomas Ford and the Carthage Greys, the local state militia in Hancock County. “General Bennett next requested me to take my station in the rear of the cavalry, without my staff, during the engagement; but this was counteracted by Captain A. P. Rockwood, commander of my life guards, who kept close to my side,” wrote Smith. Diary of Brigham Young, 1857. Distinguished guests stood between the soldiers. 4 (Winter 11957): 398. However, on June 27, 1844, the Carthage Greys were vastly outnumbered by the mob surrounding the jail, and did not intervene in the ensuing assassination. In their wake marched military musicians under the apt baton of Captain Edward P. Duzette. This military force was a militia similar to the Illinois State Militia, and it became known as the "Nauvoo Legion". Early that morning the sisters presented to Joseph Smith and the Nauvoo Legion a silk flag with 27 stars representing each state in the union at that time. Of a company parade held on September 10, 1842, General Smith wrote, “this was the day for the training of the companies of the Nauvoo Legion; and lest I should be observed … I kept very still.”14 Without Joseph Smith reviewing the troops in his splendid military regalia, small parades attracted little attention. Responses to his invitation were encouraging. These "valley counties" initially encompassed only a small portion of the area of Deseret and were expanded as settlement grew. After John Hafen (1856-1910), Last Public Address of Lieut. Legion survival after death of Joseph Smith. When we got to the river, their was a flag ceremony and a prayer. Of these events, General Smith expressed, “[I have] never witnessed a more imposing spectacle than was presented on this occasion.”7, Pleased with the outcome of the first parade, Legion officers planned another for July 3, 1841. Following these flag bearers came other people walking—many families—and some participants riding in horse-drawn buggies and wagons. I prayed to God to help me bless my steps. The 4 pound Spanish bronze is in the Mormon Battalion Visitor Center in San Diego, Calif. General Smith pronounced a benediction on the stone:  “This principal corner stone in representation of the First Presidency, is now duly laid in honor of the Great God.”  Rigdon added, “May the persons employed in the erection of this house be preserved from all harm while engaged in its construction.”6  The assembled were then invited to adjourn for an hour as Legion officers scurried to make ready the afternoon events. From June 27 to July 7, 1844, Legionnaires daily drilled, exercised, and paraded as if their very lives and that of their loved ones depended upon their military skills. CHL. The Legion’s main purpose, according to JS, was to protect the city from mobs and enforce city ordinances and state laws. The main plot is not really worth to be mentioned. The History of the Church records, “The Legion paraded at the Masonic Hall field one day … then moved for drillings to ‘the ground near Spencer’s northeast of the Temple”‘ the next.16. Available in a range of colours and styles for men, women, and everyone. In 1894, the former Utah Territorial Militia was reactivated and officially designated the Utah National Guard. The Nauvoo Legion survived the loss of its commanding officer, Joseph Smith, when Brigham Young automatically assumed command as the new church president in August 1844, though he had never previously been active in Legion activities because Young was in England on a proselytizing mission for several years and only returned home to Nauvoo when hearing of the prophet's death to assist the family and church and citizens of Nauvoo during that sad tragedy (citation needed). At this point Daniel H. Wells was the chief military commander of the militia. An area memorialized by the somber Far West cemetery and LDS Temple. In 2001 three Spanish guns were identified in the LDS Church storage facility in Salt Lake City. Also, the Harper's Ferry Model 1803 Rifle was issued in smaller quantities. Posted by Julie L. Mellby on July 14, 2012 | 1 Comment. 6 “A Proclamation, to the Saints Scattered Abroad,” Times and Seasons, 15 Jan. 1841, 2:274; JS, Journal, 4 July and 14 Aug. 1842; JS History, vol. Last Public Address of Lieutenant General Joseph Smith.jpg 624 × 791; 310 KB. These were thought at that time to have come from Sutter's purchase of the Russian Fort Ross and to have been either Russian or French cannons. This force was a militia similar to others in Illino… He took command of the soldiers and ordered them into formation. authorized permission to impose martial law from the Governor of Illinois. In 1844, after a controversy where the In Utah, the Deseret Militia and Utah Territorial Militia used the official name of the Nauvoo Legion. Nauvoo Legion Minute Book, 1843–1844. Graphic Violence ; Graphic Sexual Content ; texts. “Bringing up the rear were 1840s carriages, covered wagons, and the medical van,” Sister Ritchie said. The is a copy of it in front of the center. On September 27, 1844, a visitor to Nauvoo, Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois, was handed the following invitation: “Sir:  The review of the Nauvoo Legion will take place this day (September 28) at twelve p.m., at which time the commander-in-chief, with his staff, is respectfully solicited to accept an escort from the Legion and be present at the review.”17  The surprised governor accepted. Soon thereafter, the Nauvoo charter was revoked, and the Nauvoo Legion lost its official sanction as an arm of the Illinois militia.[1]. In 1847, Mormon leader Brigham Young reformed the Nauvoo Legion into a fully functional paramilitary force, which was organized into sub-units for each of the Utah counties as the Deseret Territorial Militia akin to their contemporaries the Army of the Republic of Texas and the Texas Rangers.[4]. A 6-pound iron cannon, probably the other battalion cannon and a smaller, but similar, 2 pound cannon were in the warehouse. On July 4, 1837, "The 26-Star Flag" became the official flag of the United States. Sutter wrote a letter to the pioneer society in the 1870s where he said that his cannons, except for one Russian 4 pounder, which he donated to a museum in San Francisco, were all Spanish guns. Young led the Latter-day Saints to what later became the Territory of Utah. This legion was called upon in 1849 to subdue marauding Indians, and its members served in the so-called Walker War of 1853-1854, named after Wakara, a Ute chieftain. Nauvoo newspaper was burned to the ground on Joseph Smith's orders, due to the publication of articles critical of Smith and his church's policies; Joseph Smith was ordered to the Carthage Jail under charges of Treason. Shop high-quality unique Nauvoo T-Shirts designed and sold by artists. Ibid, 4:502; Times and Seasons, February 15, 1842. He organized the first Mormon militia group known as the "Armies of Israel" to protect his people. I was worried about walking all that way. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1980), 4:326-27. Graphic Violence ; Graphic Sexual Content ; texts. On July 4, 1837, "The 26-Star Flag" became the official flag of the United States. Four Presidents served under its banner - Martin Van Buren (1837-1841), William Henry Harrison (1841), John Tyler (1841-1845), and James Polk (1845-1849). Led by Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement and a mayor of Nauvoo, the Legion quickly became a formidable concentration of military power. Four Presidents served under its banner - Martin Van Buren (1837-1841), William Henry Harrison (1841), John Tyler (1841-1845), and James Polk (1845-1849). “And if General Bennett’s true feelings toward me are not made manifest to the world in a very short time, then it may be possible that … a short time will determine that point.”11  Believing that Bennett had tried to murder him, General Smith said, “Let John C Bennett answer at the day of judgment, ‘Why did you request me to command one of the cohorts, and also to take my position without my staff, during the sham battle, in the 7th day of May, 1842, where my life might have been the forfeit, and no man have known who did the deed?”’12, Whether Smith’s dark premonitions were correct is debatable. States flag parading was over, but similar, 2 pound cannon were in the battle 2nd (! 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