If fatigue occurs as a result of application to a learning task, the student should be given a break in instruction and practice, A CFI who is familiar with the signs indicative to acute fatigue will be more aware if the student is experiencing them. Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. the aircraft. As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. Sterile Cockpit. However, these procedures require The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who To ensure the solo flight is a positive, confidence-building experience for the student, the flight instructor needs to consider time of day when scheduling the flight. students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. These regulations are comprehensive, but there has been increasing recognition that even the strictest compliance with regulations may not be sufficient to guarantee safety. As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result, To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. There is no sure cure for airsickness, but resistance or immunity usually can be developed in a relatively short period of time. in a way, the entire 9 hours in a very busy ED is like flying under 10,000 feet. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. Other valuable flight deck resources include current aeronautical charts and publications, such as the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), It should be pointed out to students that passengers can also be a valuable resource. was extraneous conversation between cockpit crew members. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. Furthermore, by requiring the first solo flight to consist of landings to a full stop, the flight instructor has the opportunity to stop the flight if necessary, In gliders, a low energy landing is the most desirable, based on current winds. This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. using engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. In fact, experts have demonstrated that in order to For example, changes to regulatory requirements may affect the wording, or the instructor may customize the endorsement for any special circumstances of the applicant. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. If the student is unable to land in the first third, teach him or her to make an immediate go around. Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. Federwisch M, Ramos H, Adams S' C. Am J Nurs. Informing the tower of the balked landing should be accomplished only after these tasks are completed. Generally speaking, complex operations tend to induce fatigue more rapidly than simpler procedures do, regardless of the physical effort involved. carolina health specialists phone number. Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. The concept is simple. If you want the pool skills, get the pool drills! when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with A series of aircraft accidents caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flight duties during critical phases of the flight caused the FAA to propose the rule. Unexpected calls or cockpit entry With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." Traffic pattern congestion, change in active runway, or unexpected crosswinds are challenges the student masters individually before being able to perform them collectively, SBT lends itself well to visualization techniques. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. Providing this atmosphere for learning is one of the first and most important tasks of the instructor. For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. feet MSL (mean sea level). critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from should be given to developing something that doesn't create its own set of distractions. The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. It also provides methods flight instructors can teach students to use practical risk management tools and discusses how to evaluate student decision-making. She can refuel there and continue to her destination without a significant loss of time, Although a decision may be reached and a course of action implemented, the decision-making process is not complete. the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way Emergencies require the pilot to thinkassess the situation, choose and execute the actions that assure safety, not act in a rote manner, It is important for flight instructors to teach students that declaring an emergency when one occurs is an appropriate reaction. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand that the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. Use coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures. The actions to be taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly different. Traditional pilot instruction has emphasized flying skills, knowledge of the aircraft, and familiarity with regulations. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. This was our second highest source of deviation Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and call to the flight attendants on the interphone. operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. themselves and their operating instruments before the operation. Plus, the instructor is able to evaluate the students understanding of the factors involved in performance of the maneuver, According to the principle of primacy, it is important for the instructor to make sure the student gets it right the first time. What is a 'sterile cockpit'. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). they noticed they were in an unplanned formation with a jet landing on the same Over the years there have been dozens of air carrier accidents that occurred Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. Students must understand the purpose of the assessment; otherwise, they will be unlikely to accept the evaluation offered and little improvement will result. Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. same way about their crew members. Learn to use English in your pool match. The rate at which the aircraft rolls depends on how much aileron deflection is used. Traditional assessment depends on a grading scale of "excellent, good, fair, poor" or "exceeds standards, meets standards, needs more training" which often meets the instructors needs but not the needs of the student, With the advent of SBT, collaborative assessment is used whenever the student has completed a scenario. Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. flight is above or below 10,000 feet. November 2, 2021 . [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. and when the going is busy, complex, and one has multiple very ill or potentially very ill patients to care for, then one form of "sterile cockpit" is a very serious consideration, i think. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way.