The captain of the doomed ship, Edward J. Smith, went down with it. Those numbers worked fine for old-style passenger liners in 1896, the year of their adoption, but proved shamefully inadequate for behemoths such as theTitanic, which registered more than 46,000 tons. The captain of the doomed ship, Edward J. Smith, went down with it. As the Titanic was sinking and women and children climbed into lifeboats, the cellist and violinist from the ships band stood and played. Iceberg, right ahead, replied Fleet. Icebergs did indeed lay ahead. Perhaps the captain gave an order to his second officer to avoid the icebergs before he went to bed and the order was never carried out. There was now no way that the Captain, along with the officers, would have been unaware of the huge field of ice that now lay directly in front of Titanic. Iceberg warnings went unheeded: The Titanic received multiple warnings about icefields in the North Atlantic over the wireless but Corfield notes that the last and most specific warning was not passed along by senior radio operator Jack Phillips to Captain Smith apparently because it didn't . A speed reduction would have allowed the watchmen and crew more time to identify the iceberg and steer the ship away from it. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Captain Edward James Smith was 62 years old when he sailed on the Titanic, which would be his last voyage (Captain Edward John, ). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In Southampton, England, a Board of Trade inspector examines the life jackets aboard the Titanic. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This was delivered by Bride to the bridge, although Captain Edward John Smith was not made aware of it. The Titanicdespite all those "last day" warningsdid not escape its deadly encounter with the iceberg. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Though an unfortunate series of events led to its ultimate fate, with better visibility, a slower speed and more timely reactions, the tragic sinking of the iconic ship could have been potentially avoided. There was no actual ice warning, only a specific location where a ship had seen ice. No one knows exactly where Captain E.J. The steamship Hellig Olav of the Scandinavian line reported large icebergs in latitude 41.43, longitude 49.51, and smaller bergs in latitude 41.30, longitude 50.49. First, Second Officer Charles Lightoller testified that the crew doubted the lowering mechanisms could bear the weight of 70 passengers per full boat. The ship had received SEVEN warnings of impeding danger that day from other ships who were in the midst of the ice But the Titanic chose to ignore ALL of them. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data. Furthermore, the ship was traveling too fast and this made the crew less able to spot any potential dangers. It is a Norwegian schooner Samson. Why did the captain of the Titanic not slow down? In addition to a shortage of people to keep watch, the watchman that was on duty was distracted by a phantom ship, which he thought he saw in the distance. The Titanic hitting the iceberg was one of the most tragic maritime disasters of all time, resulting in the loss of 1,500 lives and devastating families and communities around the world. April 14th 2012 will mark the 100 year anniversary of the fateful night when the R.M.S. Two young Marconi-employed operators, chief telegraphist Jack Phillips and his assistant Harold Bride, sent Morse code Marconigrams on behalf of Titanics well-heeled customers 24 hours a day during its maiden voyage in April 1912. He was responsible for over 2,200 lives and more than 1,200 were killed that fateful night of April 14. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Cincinnati was 450 miles away, and, while answering the call and telling the Titanic that she would make all speed to her aid, the Olympics wireless was caught. From Mesaba to Titanic . Why did the Titanic captain ignore the warnings? These things are very rare. Instead, they believe it was a series of factors, called an "event cascade," that caused the Titanic to sink so quickly. Why did Captain Smith ignore the iceberg warnings? That being said, it is very possible that the Titanic could have missed the iceberg. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Your email address will not be published. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. On April 14, 1912, the day of the disaster, Titanic received seven iceberg warnings. 4 What did Captain Smith do when the Titanic hit the iceberg? While the ship could reportedly stay afloat if as many as 4 of its 16 compartments were breached, the impact had affected at least 5 compartments. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, he maintained the ship's speed of some 22 knots. 2 What were the 10 mistakes that sank the Titanic? 1 Why did the captain of the Titanic ignore the iceberg warnings? 1 Why did the Titanic captain ignore the warnings? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Passengers in lifeboats watched in horror as those still aboard scrambled up the sloping aft deck to gain a few final seconds before sliding or jumping into the ocean. A group of passengers who survived the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. Iceberg warnings went unheeded: The Titanic received multiple warnings about icefields in the North Atlantic over the wireless, but Corfield notes that the last and most specific warning was not passed along by senior radio operator Jack Phillips to Captain Smith, . Why did the Titanic have to cross the Atlantic in winter? 6 Would Titanic survived if it hit the iceberg head on? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Why did the Titanic ignore the iceberg warnings? By 7:30 p.m., the Titanic had received five warnings from nearby ships. doomed passenger ship the Titanic, which went down in 1912. However, the Captain (or his crew) didn't acknowledge the warning. New York, April 17Captain Smith of the Titanic had warning of the danger ahead of him in the giant iceberg that sent his vessel to the bottom of the North Atlantic. To Captain, Antillian: Six-thirty pm, apparent ships time; latitude 42 3 N, longitude 49 9 W. Three large bergs 5 miles to the southward of us. On April 10, 1912, the Titanic took off for New York, USA. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Unsinkable. A subcommittee of the Committee of Commerce of the United States Senate was formed to investigate the sinking of the Titanic. Greek steamer Athenia reports passing icebergs and large quantities of field ice today in latitude 41 51 N, longitude 49 52 W. Wish you and Titanic all success. In the evening a warning about ice made to another ship was overheard by the crew, and in the late evening, two warnings about icebergs from the "Mesaba" and the "Californian" were ignored by telegraphic operators distracted by personal messages coming in for the passengers. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Iceberg warnings went unheeded: The Titanic received multiple warnings about icefields in the North Atlantic over the wireless, but Corfield notes that the last and most specific warning was not passed along by senior radio operator Jack Phillips to Captain Smith, apparently because it didn't . Ice warnings were just warnings that a ship sent saying that they had seen ice at a certain location (Kasprzak, 2012). At 7.15pm, Smith asked for its return, when it was finally posted in the chart room. Did someone say God couldnt sink the Titanic? No one knows why Captain Smith ignored warnings about dangerous ice. On April 15, 1912 at 2:20 a.m., the Titanic disappeared beneath the frigid waters. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 2 hours and 40 minutes This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The note ended. When Smith ordered lifeboats filled, he hoisted a megaphone and barked, Women and children first! On the port side, Lightoller filled the boats with women and children only, except for one passenger with sailing experience. It is possible he felt so secure in the Titanics sturdy frame and solid operating system that he did not consider the iceberg a threat. Both the United States and England performed investigations into Smith's conduct, but none of the investigations found evidence of negligence or foul play. On the evening of April 14 the Titanic began to approach an area known to have icebergs. No one knows why Captain Smith ignored warnings about dangerous ice. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". I am busy! A while later, the Californians radio operator shut down for the night. 5 Why did the Titanic have to cross the Atlantic in winter? No, the Titanic could not have been saved if it had hit the iceberg head on, due to the fact that the hull was not designed to withstand such an impact. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. It was Thomas Andrews fault The belief that the ship was unsinkable was, in part, due to the fact that the Titanic had sixteen watertight compartments. How long does it take to put 50 pounds on your bench? This is believed to be a reason why there were no binoculars available with the crew during the voyage. It is also possible that his responsibilities to the passengers distracted him from paying heed to the messages. Fleet figured the ship had escaped. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Some times warnings should be taken seriously and steps taken to avoid danger. 5 Why didnt the crew of the Titanic know the ship was sinking? How did they name the beaches at Normandy? His name was Morgan Robertson (1861-1915), an American author and, fittingly enough, the son of a ship captain. Did the captain, who did receive reports . How many warnings did the Titanic ignore? Creator Thomas said the ship was nearly made perfect. When a ship hits an iceberg head on, all the force would be transferred back to the ship, so it wouldn't have ripped open, but crumpled round, so only 2-3 compartments would have been breached. The weight of water entering the first five compartments would pull the ship deep enough to let more spill into the sixth, pulling the ship even deeper and then causing spillover into the seventh. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Because of a lack of established coordination or procedure, as well as the lack of incentives for the bridge and radio room to coordinate . By: Author Olin Wade (Remodel or Move Stuff). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Marconi wireless operator Jack Phillips took down a detailed ships message pinpointing the location of heavy pack ice and a great number of bergs, but Phillips, busy sending passengers personal messages, apparently did not show it to any officer. It required an operator to sit listening for incoming messages and warnings. To make matters worse, the crew was understaffed. Ismay pocketed the piece of paper, and later showed it to several passengers. Also, the ship is estimated to be severely damaged due to evolving levels of steel corrosion over the last century. 1) The people who built the ship used iron rivet's. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Because they didnt realize the ship was sinking until right before the end. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Despite the warning 'Iceberg, Right Ahead!' the Titanic was doomed Multiple mistakes and miscalculations led to the sinking of the 'unsinkable' RMS Titanic 110 years ago, only a few days. Captain Edward J. Smith (right) is shown here with the Titanics purser, Hugh Walter McElroy. In conclusion, it is impossible to say with certainty if the Titanic could have stayed afloat longer, however it is possible that if certain circumstances had been different, the ship may not have sunk so quickly. The following eastbound ships were notified to watch out for the threatening danger: The Marengo, at 8 p.m., April 14; the Olympic, at 7:35 a.m., on April 15; the Campanello, at noon on April 15; the Pennsylvania, at 4 p.m., April 15. Titanic had two radio operators, although they were not strictly speaking part of the crew. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Watertight doors a logical approach which proves deadly. 3 Who was at fault for the Titanic sinking? Captain Smith He failed to heed ice warnings, did not slow his ship when ice was reported directly in his path and allowed lifeboats to leave the sinking ship partially filled, unnecessarily adding at least 500 . To meet this schedule the Titanic could not afford to slow down. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'remodelormove_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_15',158,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Though ships can have radar and other forms of technology to help them to see things in the water they are in, they cannot detect icebergs because the radar reflects off of the water and isnt able to penetrate through the ice to see the iceberg beneath the surface. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. On April 10, 1912, the Titanic took off for New York, USA. Mr Cooper said his own interest in Smith came about not through any interest in the Titanic . Why did Captain Smith ignore the iceberg warnings? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 2 hours and 40 minutes: At approximately 11:40 PM on April 14, 1912, the Titanic struck an iceberg. They rose only as high as E Deckabove the surface in a sound ship, but useless if the ships bow began to sink and seawater lapped the bulkheads top edges. Radio communications were not exactly in their infancy in 1912, but they still relied on Morse Codeas the primary communicator. AP The captain of the Titanic was notified of an obstruction at sea before the British ship set sail on. In latitude 42 N to 41 25, longitude 49 W to longitude 50 30 W, saw much heavy pack ice and great number large icebergs, also field ice, weather good, clear., Contact Us - Terms and Conditions - Privacy Policy, Titanic Memorials: John Phillips, Godalming, 5 Reasons Why Traveling by Ship Is Awesome, The Historical Accuracy Of Titanic Movie Costumes, Titanic First Class Passenger SPEDDEN, Mrs Margaretta Corning, Second Officer Charles Herbert Lightoller of the Titanic. The frozen water in these glaciers is slowly forced further westward toward the sea. All told, lifeboats left the Titanic with more than 400 empty seats. Commander.. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The tops of the bergs first came into view miles away on the starboard side. According to their calculations, the Titanic averaged a sprightly 22 knots. If only four of the Titanics watertight compartments had been breached, it would have stayed afloat. Second, crew members knew they could not waste time before launching; to do so would risk the ship sinking before all lifeboats and Engelhardts could be lowered to the sea. As the sun set on April 14, 1912, the temperature lowered to freezing. Each radio station had its own call letters, MGY being the ones assigned to Titanic, and MKC was her sister vessel Olympic. Copyright 2023 Stwnews.org | All rights reserved. There were five reports of ice received before Smith made the decision to change course (Barratt, 2010). At 10:55 p.m., another ship, the Californian, radioed to say it had come to a full stop amid dense field ice. A combination of short and long signals, known as dots and dashes, were interpreted by the operators and written down. Berg scratched the starboard. Instead, they believe it was a series of factors, called an "event cascade," that caused the Titanic to sink so quickly. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Iceberg warnings went unheeded: The Titanic received multiple warnings about icefields in the North Atlantic over the wireless, but Corfield notes that the last and most specific warning was not passed along by senior radio operator Jack Phillips to Captain Smith, apparently because it didnt carry the prefix MSG ( . When the Titanic collided with the iceberg, the hull steel and wrought iron rivets failed, due to "brittle fracture". It was very clear, and we sighted the ice at 7:30 oclock in the morning, said Captain Mace on his arrival today. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. But more important perhaps was . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The Hamburg-American liner Cincinnati encountered no ice, having kept well to the southward on her voyage from the Mediterranean. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'remodelormove_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_24',167,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');Unfortunately, due to class distinctions in the early 1900s, these warnings were mostly ignored by the wealthy upper-class passengers. It does not store any personal data. At 11:00pm that Sunday night, the wireless operator, John Philips, received a direct warning from the California, which was less than 10 miles away in the midst of VERY large ice. The "unsinkable" Titanic was sunk by an iceberg, but there are other reasons why the tragedy that occurred 100 years ago this month was as tragic as it was. 1 Why did the Titanic ignore the iceberg warnings? Iceberg warnings went unheeded: The Titanic received multiple warnings about icefields in the North Atlantic over the wireless, but Corfield notes that the last and most specific warning was not passed along by senior radio operator Jack Phillips to Captain Smith, apparently because it didn't carry the prefix "MSG" ( . The incontrovertible truth is that the Titanic was driving at cruising speed in an ice field and struck an iceberg and sank with horrendous loss of life. The immediate cause of RMS Titanics demise was a collision with an iceberg that caused the ocean liner to sink on April 1415, 1912. This month, a quarter-century after James Cameron's blockbuster debuted in December, 1997, offers yet another moment to contemplate why and how one shipwreck mattered so muchas well as to revisit the film when a remastered version is re-released in theaters early next year. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Caronia (MSF) Eastbound, New York to Liverpool, Queenstown. Why did the Titanic ignore the iceberg warnings? 4 Could the Titanic have saved by Frankfurt? Amerika (DDR) This message was actually a private one to the US Hydrographic Office in Washington DC, overheard by Titanics radio operators. The scrunched-up piece of paper was handed back to the messenger as it was not on the ship when it sank after hitting an iceberg, resulting in the deaths of more than 1,500 people. Morgan Robertson Finally, Titanic had a lot of lifeboats that saved most of its passengers. Why Didnt the Passengers of the Titanic Climb Aboard the Iceberg to Save Themselves from the Sinking Ship? The Marconi operator of the La Bretagne, which arrived today from France, recited messages that were being sent out in all direction from the vicinity of Cape Race telling of the existence of bergs and ice field. On April 15th, 1912, the RMS Titanic sunk to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean after hitting an iceberg. What was the role of Amerigo Vespucci aboard ship? Who was responsible for determining guilt in a trial by ordeal? For example, experts believe the ship was sailing too fast for the icy conditions. Raising the Titanic is an impossible task due to its immense size and weight. The man who claimed to have invented the periscope also wrote a short novel which uncannily predicted the sinking of the Titanic some fourteen years before that ships ill-fated voyage. In fact, to manage the risk of an iceberg collision, ships crossing the Atlantic in winter travelled on what was called the southern track route, further south than the normal summer-time route. The first warning about icebergs came from the "Caronia," another passenger ship, on the morning of April 14th. (Related: go on the trail of Titanic in the UK.). The Board of Trade also believed that stronger ships of recent construction likely could not sink, rendering moot the issue of lifeboat capacity. Although Titanic was the latest and greatest vessel afloat, boasting the latest equipment, and decorated in a style more lavish than any hotel of the era, its radio room was little more than a cupboard with a Morse Code transmitter and key, like the one pictured here on the left. Additionally, the temperature of the water and type of ice can also cause challenges in detection as the radar and sonar dont always give accurate readings. This message was picked up by Lucien Oury, wireless operator of the La Bretagne, then near Cape Race. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_13',156,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4-0'); All of these factors combined made it difficult for the Titanic crew to detect the iceberg and take evasive action. To slow the ship down, only to speed it back up, took more coal burning than a ship running at a continuous speed. Titanic received six warnings of sea ice on 14 April but was travelling about 22 knots when her lookouts sighted the iceberg. Did Tish and Billy Ray get back together? The message was delivered to the bridge, where Captain Edward John Smith posted it for his officers to read. This was the sad lesson learned from the crew of the Titanic who 111 years ago did not react to warnings of icebergs . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Because the Titanic was travelling through the north Atlantic in April, a time of year when icebergs might be expected. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". How long did it take for people to realize the Titanic was sinking? The Titanic leaves Southampton, England, on her maiden voyage to New York City in 1912. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The field had a southerly drift, and the Bretagne was headed in the same direction to avoid contact with it.. The captain of the doomed ship, Edward J. Smith, went down with it. The man who took the photograph was a passenger and departed the ship in Queenstown, Ireland, three days before the ship sank. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Iceberg Warnings Were Dismissed A nearby ship reported dense ice fields less than one hour before the Titanic sank. Why did Titanic hit an iceberg? Additionally, the Titanics lookouts had no access to binoculars, reducing their ability to identify objects in the sea. This bronze telemotor was used to operate steering gear on the Titanics bridge, the enclosed platform on the ship where the captain and officers directed operations. It measures 882 ft in length and 92 ft in width and weighs an estimated 46,000 tons. In the Belfast shipyard, workers admire the Titanics three 23-foot-wide propellers. It is possible that if the crew had taken extra precautions, such as consulting with shipping companies that transported passengers further south or hiring extra lookouts, the Titanics collision with the iceberg might have been avoided. Titanic s passengers numbered 1,317 people: 324 in first class, 284 in second class, and 709 in third class. Chicago Examiner, Thursday, April 18, 1912, p. 3, c. 7: Encyclopedia Titanica (2011) TITANIC'S CAPTAIN WARNED OF HUGE FIELD OF ICEBERGS (Chicago Examiner, Thursday 18th April 1912, ref: #13547, published 21 August 2011, generated 28th February 2023 03:59:22 AM); URL : https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanics-captain-warned-of-huge-filed-of-icebergs.html. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. What do Mormons believe about Heavenly Father? The iceberg sliced through six. We know what happened. For example, experts believe the ship was sailing too fast for the icy conditions. The Infamous Captain Edward Smith. Why did the Titanic ignore the iceberg warnings? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It is more than likely that the operator on board the Titanic received the same warning. Could the Titanic have saved by Frankfurt? Soldiers stumbled upon a 2,400-year-old tomb on the battlefields of WWII, Mysteries of Tutankhamun: What we still don't know, Hieroglyphics were a mystery until this man solved the riddle of the Rosetta Stone, Nefertiti was more than just a pretty face, The mystery of the Luristan Bronzes still puzzles archaeologists, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society. At night, the range could increase to nearly three times that distance, the messages being sent and received via the large antennae slung between Titanics two masts. As such, the disaster provided an invaluable lesson to the world at large, highlighting the need for planning, preparation, and emergency response planning in the event of a crisis. Why did the captain of the Titanic ignore the iceberg warnings? Could the Titanic have been saved if it hit the iceberg head on? Press ESC to cancel. Similar investigations were conducted in England, but none of them place the blame on Captain Smith. What is the formula for calculating solute potential? As Titanic had left Queenstown, Ireland, the radio traffic had consisted mainly of messages for, and from passengers. The ship could carry sixty-four lifeboats, but only took twenty lifeboats because the Titanic was said to be "unsinkable". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. As Titanic had left Queenstown, Ireland, the radio traffic had consisted mainly of messages for, and from passengers. One of the books about him, Titanic Captain: The Life of Edward John Smith, was written by Gary Cooper. Mesaba (MMU) This message never reached the bridge. Carpathia, which arrived around 4:00 a.m., to rescue the estimated 705 survivors of the Titanic. What percentage of offspring would be expected to have short whiskers? He boarded as many women and children as were available, then gave remaining seats to men. At approximately 9:40 pm the Mesaba sent a warning of an ice field. Mr Cooper said: "Smith certainly did not ignore ice warnings per se, and he made sure the ones that reached the bridge were all posted in the chart room, though he did have to retrieve one that he had earlier handed to his boss J. Because four of these compartments could be flooded without causing a critical loss of buoyancy, the Titanic was considered unsinkable. The second warning came in the afternoon of the 14th from the "Baltic." Iceberg warnings went unheeded: The Titanic received multiple warnings about icefields in the North Atlantic over the wireless, but Corfield notes that the last and most specific warning was not passed along by senior radio operator Jack Phillips to Captain Smith, apparently because it didn't carry the prefix "MSG" ( . Portholes an oversight leading to a downfall. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. One hundred years ago, the "unsinkable" Titani. Thanks to radar technology, better education for mariners and iceberg monitoring systems, ship collisions with icebergs are generally avoidable, but the results can still be disastrous when they occur. 2 How long did it take for people to realize the Titanic was sinking? Nevertheless, Captain Smith kept the ship at full speed. The night of the collision with the iceberg, Smith was attending a private party. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.