CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Diseases of the cardiovascular system may be diagnosed . 4. rates of infection. person-time rate the incidence rate calculated as the number of new cases among a population divided by the cumulative person-time of that population, usually expressed as the number of events per persons per unit of time. cumulative frequency curve a plot of the cumulative frequency rather than the actual frequency for each class interval of a variable. variable, dependent in a statistical analysis, a variable whose values are a function of one or more other variables. The denominator is the number of persons with the condition; the numerator is the number of cause-specific deaths among those persons. Populations are followed, and disease, death, or other health-related outcomes are documented and compared. These infections are usually acquired after hospitalization and manifest 48 hours after admission t Hospital Acquired Infections Book This value is usually expressed as deaths per 100,000 live births. The number of stillbirths (in which the gestation period was 28 weeks or more) in the first 7 days of life divided by the number of live births plus stillbirths in the same year. map, area (shaded, choropleth) a visual display of the geographic pattern of a health problem, in which a marker is placed on a map to indicate where each affected person lives, works, or might have been exposed. infection invasion of the body tissues of a host by an infectious agent, whether or not it causes disease. Statistical significance is based on an estimate of the probability of the observed or a greater degree of association between independent and dependent variables occurring under the null hypothesis (see also P value). According to Word Health Organization (WHO) data, infant mortality caused by Succedaneum Caput infection decreased by 0.05% from 4 million infants who died at 30 days (advanced neonatal). {\displaystyle \lambda } Securing a medical care provision system. standard error (of the mean) the standard deviation of a theoretical distribution of sample means of a variable around the true population mean of that variable. It's flattering to know other clubs seem to rate me. Common measures of central location are the mean, median, and mode also called the measure of central tendency. It did not take long, however, before the infection leaked out and copies of the worm began spreading all over the Internet, infecting 130,000 computers worldwide. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had great societal and health consequences. confidence interval a range of values for a measure (e.g., rate or odds ratio) constructed so that the range has a specified probability (often, but not necessarily, 95%) of including the true value of the measure. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Clumping is increased by the presence of acute-phase proteins released during inflammation. Historic example of death rates (per 100,000) for leading causes of death for men aged 2544 years. people that rate special treatment; an idea that rates attention. range in statistics, the difference between the largest and smallest values in a distribution; in common use, the span of values from smallest to largest. heart rate or heart rhythm problems, chest pain or discomfort, pain or tingling in the hands or feet, and fatigue. odds ratio a measure of association used in comparative studies, particularly case-control studies, that quantifies the association between an exposure and a health outcome; also called the cross-product ratio. rate of prevalence. mortality rate, age-adjusted a mortality rate that has been statistically modified to eliminate the effect of different age distributions among different populations. phrases. Typically, for a case to be confirmed, a person must have a positive result from laboratory tests. cause, sufficient a factor or collection of factors whose presence is always followed by the occurrence of a particular health problem. is given by: where descriptive epidemiology see epidemiology, descriptive. Solve Now. central location (also called central tendency) a statistical measurement to quantify the middle or the center of a distribution. Infection rate synonyms What is another word for Infection rate? trial, randomized clinical a clinical trial in which persons are randomly assigned to exposure or treatment groups. cumulative frequency in a frequency distribution, the number or proportion of observations with a particular value and any smaller value. infectivity the ability of an infectious agent to cause infection, measured as the proportion of persons exposed to an infectious agent who become infected. race/ethnic-specific mortality rate see mortality rate, race/ethnic-specific. In this case, Quarantine refers to separation of potentially exposed but well persons; isolation refers to separation of ill persons. Isolation refers to separation of ill persons; quarantine refers to separation of potentially exposed but well persons. epidemiology, field applied epidemiology (i.e., the application or practice of epidemiology to control and prevent health problems), particularly when the epidemiologist(s) must travel to and work in the community in which the health problem is occurring or has occurred. I don't mean amount of alcohol consumed, but alcohol addiction/dependency. 0 votes. Payday lending is an established form of lending in the US and Canada. What is the rate of alcoholism in the USA compared to other countries in the world. measure of association a quantified relationship between exposure and a particular health problem (e.g., risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio). study, cohort an observational analytic study in which enrollment is based on status of exposure to a certain factor or membership in a certain group. false-negative a negative test result for a person who actually has the condition similarly, a person who has the disease (perhaps mild or variant) but who does not fit the case definition, or a patient or outbreak not detected by a surveillance system. Data points are plotted at the midpoints of the intervals and are connected with straight lines. definitions. It increases, for example, in hyperthyroidism. Epitomizing this problem is the Staphylococcus . A normal resting heart rate for an adult is 60100 beats per minute. contagion, contamination, corruption, defilement, poison, pollution, septicity, virus, English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus, Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus. statistical inference generalizations developed from sample data, usually with calculated degrees of uncertainty. Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary. antonyms. Usually, the cases are presumed to have a common cause or to be related to one another in some way. contact, direct exposure or transmission of an agent from a source to a susceptible host through touching (e.g., from a human host by kissing, sexual intercourse, or skin-to-skin contact) or from touching an infected animal or contaminated soil or vegetation. We used mRNA display under a reprogrammed genetic code to find a spike-targeting macrocyclic peptide that . (2) A system for early detection of outbreaks whereby health department staff, assisted by automated acquisition of data routinely collected for other purposes and computer generation of statistical signals, monitor disease indicators, particularly those associated with possible terrorism-related biologic and chemical agents, continually or at least daily to detect outbreaks earlier than would otherwise be possible with traditional public health methods. prospective study see study, prospective. passive surveillance see surveillance, passive. mortality rate, postneonatal the mortality rate for children from age 28 days up to, but not including, 1 year. median the measure of central location that divides a set of data into two equal parts, above and below which lie an equal number of values (see also measure of central location). Standard error is computed as the standard deviation of the variable divided by the square root of the sample size. inflection, injection, infectious, infect. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. frequency polygon a graph of a frequency distribution in which values of the variable are plotted on the horizontal axis, and the number of observations are plotted on the vertical axis. environmental factor an extrinsic factor (e.g., geology, climate, insects, sanitation, or health services) that affects an agent and the opportunity for exposure. prevalence, period the amount of a particular disease, chronic condition, or type of injury present among a population at any time during a particular period. sex-specific mortality rate see mortality rate, sex-specific. continuous variable see variable, continuous. exposed group a group whose members have had contact with a suspected cause of, or possess a characteristic that is a suspected determinant of, a particular health problem. Used by wage earners who run short of cash before payday. A survival curve can also be used to depict freedom from a health problem, complication, or another endpoint. In calculating postneonatal mortality rates, the numerator is the number of deaths among this age group during a given period, and the denominator is the number of live births during the same period.. A carrier can be asymptomatic (never indicate signs of the disease) or can display signs of the disease only during the incubation period, convalescence, or postconvalescence. hypothesis a supposition, arrived at from observation or reflection, that leads to refutable predictions; any conjecture cast in a form that will allow it to be tested and refuted. case-control study see study, case-control. vital statistics systematically tabulated data about recorded births, marriages, divorces, and deaths. outlier a value substantively or statistically different from all (or approximately all) of the other values in a distribution. individual data values or observations from each record (also called raw data). efficiency the ability of an intervention or program to produce the intended or expected results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. 1. the amount of a charge or payment with reference to some basis of calculation: a high rate of interest on loans. association the statistical relation between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables. mean (or average) commonly called the average; it is the most common measure of central tendency. Quel est le taux pour changer des en ? {\displaystyle \lambda } Normally it is less than 10 mm/hr in men and slightly higher in women. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. The number of live births per 1000 in the population in a given year. This fuse is rated at 50 amperes. A white blood cell (WBC) count measures the number of white blood cells in a sample of blood. false-positive a positive test result for a person who actually does not have the condition. rates of hiv aids. crude when referring to a rate, an overall or summary rate for a population, without adjustment. prevalence rates. survey a systematic canvassing of persons to collect information, often from a representative sample of the population. noun an act or fact of infecting; state of being infected. pathogenicity the ability of an agent to cause disease after infection, measured as the proportion of persons infected by an agent who then experience clinical disease. standard deviation a statistical summary of how dispersed the values of a variable are around its mean, calculated as the square root of the variance. bias, information systematic difference in the collection of data regarding the participants in a study (e.g., about exposures in a case-control study, or about health outcomes in a cohort study) that leads to an incorrect result (e.g., risk ratio or odds ratio) or inference. The neonatal mortality rate is usually expressed per 1,000 live births. Infant mortality rate is a universally accepted indicator of the health of a nations population and the adequacy of its health-care system. host a person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions. This type of graph is useful for identifying medians and quartiles and other percentiles. analytic epidemiology see epidemiology, analytic. Synonyms of infection infection noun Definition of infection as in virus an abnormal state caused by contact with harmful organisms (such as bacteria or viruses) There is a viral infection spreading among the schoolchildren. Learn a new word every day. synonyms for infection Compare Synonyms bug disease epidemic flu pollution virus contagion corruption defilement germs impurity poison communicability contagiousness insanitation septicity what's going around See also synonyms for: infections antonyms for infection MOST RELEVANT sanitation sterility suggest new. No report of Peak expiratory flow rate decreased is found for people with Escherichia urinary tract infection. A forest plot a graph that displays the point estimates and confidence intervals of individual studies included in a meta-analysis or systematic review as a series of parallel lines. A portal of exit a pathway by which an agent can leave its host. NCHS The National Center for Health Statistics, the US governmental organization responsible for national vital statistics and multiple national health surveys. See how your sentence looks with different synonyms. In radiology, the speed with which medical images are recorded, usually expressed in images per second. an infecting with germs of disease, as through the medium of infected insects, air, water, or clothing. scale, interval a measurement scale consisting of quantitative categories whose values are measured on a scale of equally spaced units, but without a true zero point (e.g., date of birth). death-to-case ratio the number of deaths attributed to a particular disease, injury, or other health condition during a specified period, divided by the number of new cases of that disease, injury, or condition identified during the same period. transmission, vehicleborne transmission of an agent by an inanimate object; considered a type of indirect transmission; includes foodborne and waterborne transmission. years of potential life lost (YPLL) a measure of the impact of premature death on a population, calculated as the sum of the differences between a predetermined minimally acceptable age (e.g., 65 years or current life expectancy) and the age at death for everyone who died earlier than that age. bias, selection systematic difference in the enrollment of participants in a study that leads to an incorrect result (e.g., risk ratio or odds ratio) or inference. predictive value positive the proportion of cases identified by a test, reported by a surveillance system, or classified by a case definition that are true cases, calculated as the number of true-positives divided by the number of true-positives plus false-positives. Synonyms disorder, problem, trouble, disease, upset, illness, sickness, ailment, affliction, malady, indisposition in the sense of contagion Definition a corrupting influence that tends to spread They have been reluctant to admit patients with the disease because of fears of contagion. The speed at which the cells settle depends on how many red blood cells clump together. sample, representative a sample whose characteristics correspond to those of the original or reference population. The purpose is to examine rate of change instead of amount of change only. attack rate a form of incidence that measures the proportion of persons in a population who experience an acute health event during a limited period (e.g., during an outbreak), calculated as the number of new cases of a health problem during an outbreak divided by the size of the population at the beginning of the period, usually expressed as a percentage or per 1,000 or 100,000 population (see also incidence proportion). Each cause of death is expressed as a percentage of all deaths, and the sum of the proportionate mortality for all causes must equal 100%. The y-axis, measuring frequency, uses an arithmetic scale. Case-control studies are inherently retrospective. common-source outbreak see outbreak, common-source. chartjunk unnecessary or confusing visual elements in charts, illustrations, or graphs. cause, necessary a factor that must be present for a disease or other health problem to occur. is the average time spent in the susceptible group before becoming infected. risk ratio a measure of association that quantifies the association between an exposure and a health outcome from an epidemiologic study, calculated as the ratio of incidence proportions of two groups. normal distribution a distribution represented as a bell shape, symmetrical on both sides of the peak, which is simultaneously the mean, median, and mode, and with both tails extending to infinity. statistical significance the measure of how likely it is that a set of study results could have occurred by chance alone. contagious capable of being transmitted from one person to another by contact or close proximity. trend, secular changes occurring over a substantial period, generally years or decades. the webmaster's page for free fun content, Fixing HIV spending: leading AIDS advocates agree that a doubling of federal funding could make a dramatic difference in the fight against the disease, though they diverge when asked how they would allocate the additional money, Simulated anthrax attacks and syndromic surveillance, In Africa, a town unravels: AIDS is rapidly stealing the life from a village in Swaziland, Infectious disease: the human costs of our environmental errors, Rise in HCV infection rates linked to OxyContin reformulation, Can pin-site infection be prevented? evaluation systematic and objective examination of activities to determine their relevance, effectiveness, and impact. Test your knowledge - and maybe learn something along the way. It is used to measure the frequency of Track the global spread of coronavirus with maps and updates on cases and deaths around the world. measure of dispersion see measure of spread. census the enumeration of an entire population, usually including details on residence, age, sex, occupation, racial/ethnic group, marital status, birth history, and relationship to the head of household. Synonym: The number of deaths in 1 year of infants aged 0 to 28 days divided by the number of live births in that same year. A 2003 analysis in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes calculated that more than $18 billion in medical costs could have been saved by the year 2010 had the CDC invested just $383 million more in prevention programming per year from 2000 to 2005, an amount that theoretically could have cut the annual HIV, About 70 percent of the country's people are Catholic; Burundi has an HIV, Each of the 1,000 simulations at the given, Adult HIV prevalence in Swaziland is above 40 percent, and Malawi is struggling with a 14 percent, At almost 39 percent, Swaziland's adult HIV, The project was established in 2001 in response to the growing HIV, We will continue to look for ways to lower the, In an article published in the February 2003 issue of Conservation Biology, he and his team found that important Northeastern tick host species such as white-footed mice fared better when forest tracts were smaller than five acres, and that the, Using a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences approach, they examined whether states with higher exposure to the reformulated OxyContin had faster growth of HCV, Similarly, a recent comparative study suggested that chlorhexidine appeared superior to povidone-iodine, as the latter tripled the.