In fact, Tessitori was the first person to recognize that the ruins we… Indus Valley Civilization-Lothal and Kalibangan Get top class preparation for IAS right from your home: Get detailed illustrated notes covering entire syllabus : point-by-point for high retention. Use of standard weight… It is the third excavated cityof Harappan sites and the earliest town destroyed by earthquake. Two of these parts were protected by strong rectangular fortifications. The weights proceeded in a series, first doubling from 1, 2, 4, 8 to 64 and then in decimal multiples of 16. It was the first Indus site to be discovered and excavated in 1921. It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India. Most of the writing is from left to right and not the other way. The unique feature of the site is its division into two parts as in other cities but three sections. In the citadel the most impressive buildings were the granaries which were store -houses. In the last phase of Mohenjodaro, men and women and children were massacred in the streets and houses. They also held the bull sacred. ‎When one thinks of the world’s first cities, Sumer, Memphis, and Babylon are some of the first to come to mind. Harappa Civilization in Hindi. Knobbed pottery was ornamented on the outside with knobs. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali, Rakhigarhi and Dholavira were some of the important sites of the Harappan civilization. The plain ware is usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip. If the focus then shifts to India, then Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro will undoubtedly come up, but after that, India’s other ancient cities are often overlooked. 2. Kalibangan pottery has close resemblance to the pottery of the Hakra ware in Cholistan, to other Early Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and to the pottery of the Integration Era. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid system, drainage system and the like. Clay figures of the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility have been found- these were worshipped by the people. According to Rajaram the script is both pictorial and alphabetic; alphabets are favoured to the pictures in the later stages. Evidence for the use of horse comes from a doubtful terracotta figurine of a horse. Historians are of the view that the decline of the Indus Civilization was not the result of a single event; it was a slow decline and a result of combination of factors. The street ran straight and at right angles to each other following the grid system. Later, during 1961-69, excavation were carried out by … Chanhudaro Suktagendor Banawali It was nearly rectangular with the longer axis running from north to south. Kalibangan. The best specimen among the stone sculptures of Mohanjodaro is the steatite image of a bearded man wearing an ornamented robe. Each city was divided into the citadel area where the essential institutions of civic and religious life were located and the residential area where the urban population lived. Polychrome pottery is rare and mainly comprised small vases decorated with geometric patterns mostly in red, black and green and less frequently in white and yellow. Sir John Marshall says that nothing that we know of in other countries bears any resemblance in point of style to the models of rams, dogs or the intaglio engravings on the seals-the best of which are distinguished by a breadth of treatment and a feeling for line and plastic form that have hardly been surpassed in glyptic art. Chanhudaro lies on the left bank of the Indus about 130 km south of Mohenjodaro. Mortimer Wheeler pointed out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans. Harappan seals and other small objects used by the merchants and traders for stamping their goods have been found in Mesopotamia. The people lived a very comfortable life in well built houses and baths. Weights and measures which were very accurately graded point to a very high degree of exchange. Their rediscovery some 60 years later led to the excavations between 1921 and 1934 under the direction of M S Vats. A second figure of comparable size also comes from Mohenjodaro. Goldsmiths made jewellery of silver, gold and precious stones and metal workers made tools and implements in copper and bronze. Over 400. The Indus Valley script included over 400 symbols. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as galzed, polychrome, incised perforated and knobbed. The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization. It is surrounded by verandas on four sides. Presence of cooking area, water reservoir in houses. This is contrary to the currently held view that all alphabetic writing descended from Phoenician in the late second millennium BC. Kalibangan. Important centers of Harappan Civilization are Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhingarhi, Kot Diji, Chanhu-daro, etc. It is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. Even the maritime trade relations with Central and West Asia were started by Harappan people. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. A number of stone sculptures have been discovered at Mohenjodaro, two at Harappa, one at Dabarkot and one at Mundigak (Afganistan). Indus Valley Civilization (Notes+MCQ) PDF Download. The merchant class contributed to the general prosperity and trade contacts seem to have been established with the Sumerian and Mesopotamian civilization of those times. In the beginning, it was called “The Indus Valley Civilization”, due to the discovery of more and more sited far away from the Indus valley this civilization was later named “Indus Civilization”. It was surrounded by a stone rubble fortification with square bastions at the corners and in the longer sides. It is located within the citadel and next to the Great Bath. They believed that there was life after death because the graves often contained household pottery, ornaments and mirrors which might have belonged to the dead persons and which it was thought he or she might need after death. He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. It was divided into 3 parts. Located at the centre of the citadel it is remarkable for beautiful brick work. Harappans used weights and measures for commercial as well as building purposes. Join The Discussion It was built during the rule of Marathas. The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is the most important public place measuring 39 feet (length) x23 feet (breadth) x8 feet (depth). Rangpur in Ahmedabad, near river Meedar 5. There is also present an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building which must have served administrative purposes. They also invented the device of a cart to harness the labour force of the animals to the production of man’s utility. Also known as the Harappan civilization, it dates back to 2500 years ago. In Mohenjo daro there is also a large building which appears to have been the house of the governor. Chennai, formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is India`s fourth largest city. The various occupations in which people were engaged spanned a wide range. Absence of temples of special places of worship except few altars at some sites. The variants are formed by adding different accents, inflexions or other letters to the former. The excavation work was carried by R.S Bisht and his team in 190-91. Within the lower town there are some barrack like groups of single -roomed tenements at Mohenjodaro. (c) Kalibangan was located on the bank of river Ghaggar. Incised ware is rare and the incised decoration was confined to the bases of the pans. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. Indus Valley Civilization Cities or City Map. Indus Valley Civilization GK / General Studies Test with multiple choice questions (MCQs) for UPSC, Civil Services, SSC, Banking, UPPSC, RPSC, KPSC, KAS, … To them also belong the credits for producing some of the earliest specimens of pottery. The Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization of the Indian subcontinent. It was chiefly made and consists of both plain and painted ware and plain variety being more common. The term “Indus Valley Civilization” was first used by John Marshall. Main types of seals are the square type with a carved animal and inscription and rectangular type with inscription only. The Harappan pottery includes goblets, dishes, basins, flasks, narrow necked vases, cylindrical bottles, tumblers, corn measures, spouted vases and a special type of dish on a stand which was a offering stand or incense burner. Fire altars indicating the probable existence of a fire cult have been found. It consists chiefly of wheel made wares both plain and painted. The common features of all the Indus valley civilizations are as follows: 1. The Indus-Valley people were well-acquainted with the use both of cotton and wool. Unakoti is an archaeological venue in Tripura. Kalibangan in Ganganagar, near river Ghaggar 6. A common script which remains undeciphered so far. The merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here. Metalworkers, shell -ornament makers and bead maker’s shops have been discovered here also. Others point out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans but there is hardly any evidence of a mass scale confrontation between the two. Harappan city with three divisions namely-citadel, middle town and lower town was at Dholavira. Situated in Gujarat it is the latest Indus city discovered in India and also one of the largest sites of the civilization. were the most prominent cities of this civilization. The Harappan civilization contributed towards the advancement of Mathematics. Perforated pottery has a large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall and was probably used for straining liquor. 1. The main sites like Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira are featured below with their respective specialities. Plants, trees and pipal leaves are found on pottery. The artworks of Indus valley Civilization are extremely realistic in the portrayal of human and animal figures. Certain trees seem to have been treated as sacred such as papal. #Kalibangan#AncientHistory#IndusValley. 3. The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities, relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods. Banawali (Haryana) was situated on the banks of the now extinct Sarasvati River. Another building nearby was either a meeting hall or a market place. Many Indus Valley (or Harappan) sites have been discovered along the Ghaggar-Hakra beds. The glazed Harappan pottery is the earliest example of its kind in the ancient world. Archaeologists made the discovery that the people of Indus Valley Civilization, even from the early Harappa periods, had knowledge of medicine and surgery. Semitic languages like Phoenician and Arabic use the syllabic system. Many ancient scripts like Phoenician, various Aramaics and Hemiaretic are connected to or even derived from Harappan. Harappan script is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish, varieties of the human form etc. According to Giosan et al. See all quizzes › Go to topic › Question 2 How many symbols were used in Indus Valley writing? Although the theory of ecological factors for the decline of the Harappan civilization is latest yet it does not give us complete answer. Lal Mahal of Pune is one of the most famous monuments of Pune. The numerical and decimal system was evolved here which made remarkable contributions towards Vedic mathematics. (Q.19) In 2014, with the discovery of additional mounds, which of the following Became the largest Indus Valley Civilization site? The granaries here are located outside the citadel but immediately next to it in the west. Further evidence indicates that they continued well into the second millennium B.C. The numerous specimens of pottery, seals, bracelets etc reveal that arts and crafts florished. The vast mounds at Harappa were first reported by Masson in 1826 and visited by Cunningham in 1853 and 1873. Some of the evidence of the devastation by floods has been found at Mohenjodaro and Lothal but there is no such evidence in respect of other sites like Kalibangan. The language of the Harappans is still unknown and must remain so until the script is read. Mohenjodaro is the largest of all the Indus cities and has a population estimated to between 41,000 and 35,000. Various causes have been suggested for this. 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