The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. "Tianlijiao ", in. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Szczepanski, Kallie. //. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Updates? Omissions? The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. Corrections? Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. //]]>. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) {
. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. [citation needed]. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Updates? This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Grandmother. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). [6] 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). It took nine years of warfare and great loss. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Encyclopedia.com. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. Imperial Mistakes In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. View original page. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.