Most French Huguenots were either unable or unwilling to emigrate to avoid forced conversion to Roman Catholicism. They were regarded as groups supporting the French Republic, which Action Franaise sought to overthrow. Is an Index of family names appearing in "Huguenot Trails", the official publication of the Huguenot Society of Canada, from 1968 to 2003. "Trees without roots fall over!" ""People who never look backward to their ancestors will never look forward to posterity." - Edmund Burke. The Dutch as part of New Amsterdam later claimed this land, along with New York and the rest of New Jersey. The community they created there is still known as Fleur de Lys (the symbol of France), an unusual French village name in the heart of the valleys of Wales. Early Notables of the France family (pre 1700) More information is included under the topic Early France Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.. France Ranking. [100] In Wandsworth, their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. Peter married into a family of physicians and had a son Peter jnr. The early immigrants settled in Franschhoek ("French Corner") . Augeron Mickal, Didier Poton et Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, dir.. Augeron Mickal, John de Bry, Annick Notter, dir., This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:02. [French, from Old French huguenot, member of a Swiss political movement, alteration (influenced by Bezanson Hugues (c. Ancient relics and texts were destroyed; the bodies of saints exhumed and burned. In 1646, the land was granted to Jacob Jacobson Roy, a gunner at the fort in New Amsterdam (now Manhattan), and named "Konstapel's Hoeck" (Gunner's Point in Dutch). Other descendents of Huguenots included Jack Jouett, who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Reverend John Gano, a Revolutionary War chaplain and spiritual advisor to George Washington; Francis Marion; and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen. Dictionary of American Family . A number of French Huguenots settled in Wales, in the upper Rhymney valley of the current Caerphilly County Borough. French Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. The rebellions were implacably suppressed by the French crown. [46], In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris and similar massacres took place in other towns in the following weeks. Some Huguenot descendants in the Netherlands may be noted by French family names, although they typically use Dutch given names. Genealogy Resources (Tutorial) This simple tutorial is prepared to assist you in performing research in the former German Reichslnder of Elsa-Lothringen, today's French regions of Alsace-Moselle. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622. [112] Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. This group of Huguenots from southern France had frequent issues with the strict Calvinist tenets that are outlined in many of John Calvin's letters to the synods of the Languedoc. ", "L'affaire des placards, la fin de la belle Renaissance", "18 octobre 1534: l'affaire des placards", "This Day in History 1572: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre", Provisional Government of the French Republic, "Rise of 'neo-Protestantism' under Macron challenges traditional Catholic-secular approach to politics", "Welcome to The Huguenot Society of Australia", "Chronology French Church du Saint-Esprit", "French Huguenots and their descendants genealogy project", "Allocution de M. Franois Mitterrand, Prsident de la Rpublique, aux crmonies du tricentenaire de la Rvocation de l'Edit de Nantes, sur la tolrance en matire politique et religieuse et l'histoire du protestantisme en France, Paris, Palais de l'UNESCO, vendredi 11 octobre 1985", "Bayonne Online The first reference to Bayonne in history is in 1609 when Henry Hudson stopped there before proceeding on his journey up the river which would later bear his name. Huguenot, any of the Protestants in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, many of whom suffered severe persecution for their faith. They were persecuted by Catholic France, and about 300,000 Huguenots fled France for England, Holland, Switzerland, Prussia, and the Dutch and English colonies in the Americas. By 1600, it had declined to 78%,[citation needed] and was reduced further late in the century after the return of persecution under Louis XIV, who instituted the dragonnades to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685. A two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript, by Jean de Rly, was printed in Paris in 1487. Page 166. The Portuguese threatened their Protestant prisoners with death if they did not convert to Roman Catholicism. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. The Huguenots of the state opposed the monopoly of power the Guise family had and wanted to attack the authority of the crown. ", Robin Gwynn, "The number of Huguenot immigrants in England in the late seventeenth century. [29], Other predecessors of the Reformed church included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, such as Jacques Lefevre (c. 14551536). ", Michael Green, "Bridging the English Channel: Huguenots in the educational milieu of the English upper class.". Konstanze Dahn (real name Constanze Le Gaye) (1814-1894), German actress. "Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National Identities, 15481787". [74] Upon their arrival in New Amsterdam, Huguenots were offered land directly across from Manhattan on Long Island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbour at the end of Newtown Creek, becoming the first Europeans to live in Brooklyn, then known as Boschwick, in the neighbourhood now known as Bushwick. During the eighteen months of the reign of Francis II, Mary encouraged a policy of rounding up French Huguenots on charges of heresy and putting them in front of Catholic judges, and employing torture and burning as punishments for dissenters. Use the search box to find a specific Family Name, Year, Location or Occupation. [citation needed], These tensions spurred eight civil wars, interrupted by periods of relative calm, between 1562 and 1598. By the time of his death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Of the refugees who arrived on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury, then the county's Calvinist hub. By 1692, a total of 201 French Huguenots had settled at the Cape of Good Hope. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. You can see a list of Huguenot surnames at Huguenot-France.org and another list of those who migrated to the UK and Ireland at LibraryIreland. [65] Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the Cvennes mountain region in the south, who still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day. The ancestral listing on our website is an "open listing" which means it is periodically updated from time to time as new information becomes available. They ultimately decided to switch to German in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon in 180607. Some of the earliest to arrive in Australia held prominent positions in English society, notably, Others who came later were from poorer families, migrating from England in the 19th and early 20th centuries to escape the poverty of. . Although relatively large portions of the peasant population became Reformed there, the people, altogether, still remained majority Catholic.[16][19]. A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 7 April 1948 at Franschhoek. The government encouraged descendants of exiles to return, offering them French citizenship in a 15 December 1790 law: All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals (naturels franais) and will benefit from rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. They also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstonetowns in which there used to be refugee churches. The Gallicans briefly achieved independence for the French church, on the principle that the religion of France could not be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power. English, French, Walloon, Dutch, German, Polish, Czech, and Slovak: from a personal name composed of the ancient Germanic . Huguenot Towns; Huguenot Street Names; Places to visit; Huguenot Traces; Archive Menu Toggle. It is now an official symbol of the glise des Protestants rforms (French Protestant church). [91][92] The immigrants included many skilled craftsmen and entrepreneurs who facilitated the economic modernisation of their new home, in an era when economic innovations were transferred by people rather than through printed works. Lachenicht, Susanne. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier, established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills. The French Confession of 1559 shows a decidedly Calvinistic influence. But in the reign of William and Mary, the largest number of foreign refugees were Naturalized in these countries, from 1689 to the 3rd July, 1701. These were especially poor wretches living in desperate circumstances or mercenaries who had been unemployed since the end of the 30 years war. Since then, it sharply decreased as the Huguenots were no longer tolerated by both the French royalty and the Catholic masses. These included villages in and around the Massif Central, as well as the area around Dordogne, which used to be almost entirely Reformed too. I.". 3rd. The cities of Bourges, Montauban and Orlans saw substantial activity in this regard. In October 1985, to commemorate the tricentenary of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, President Franois Mitterrand of France announced a formal apology to the descendants of Huguenots around the world. There is a Huguenot society in London, as well as a. Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. Joseph de la Plaigne - Just one Huguenot refugee, Muriel Gibbs 14 Connected families from Dieppe 1688 - Bertrand, De La Mare, Lubias 16 Calendars of State Papers (Domestic) Part I, Randolph Vigne 17 The Dansays Family of St. Laurent-de-la-Pre (illustrated), Norman Bishop 18 The Temple of Quvilly, Rouen, Part I, Chris Shelley 21 The Huguenot Church Register of Pons, France: Possible . The pattern of warfare, followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. They founded the silk industry in England. The main provincial towns and cities experiencing massacres were Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyons, Meaux, Orlans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes.[47]. Michael Thomas (Thomas-10705): Johann LeBachelle (Lebachelle-13) - according to family lore, emigrated from France to Kaiserslautern, Germany c1685. Synodicon in Gallia Reformata: or, the Acts, Decisions, Decrees, and Canons of those Famous National Councils of the Reformed Churches in France, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huguenots&oldid=1142115187. Following this exodus, Huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of France: the rugged Cvennes region in the south. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there. Huguenot Memorial Park in Jacksonville, Florida. Frenchtown in New Jersey bears the mark of early settlers.[22]. [79], The Huguenots originally spoke French on their arrival in the American colonies, but after two or three generations, they had switched to English. Helped establish the Scottish weaving trade. While a small amount of Huguenots did come, the majority switched from speaking French to English. The museum is situated on the second floor of the tourist information centre, and entry cost us 4.50 each fora ticket that is valid for a year. However, enforcement of the Edict grew increasingly irregular over time, making life so intolerable that many fled the country. He was regarded by the Gallicians as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. . Most of the cities in which the Huguenots gained a hold saw iconoclast riots in which altars and images in churches, and sometimes the buildings themselves torn down. Dr Kathleen Chater has been tracing her own family history for over 30 years. Ultimately, whatever the roots, the meaning of the term . While the Huguenot population was at one time fairly large, these names are not now common though they are still seen in some street names and [39], Huguenot numbers grew rapidly between 1555 and 1561, chiefly amongst nobles and city dwellers. A rural Huguenot community in the Cevennes that rebelled in 1702 is still being called Camisards, especially in historical contexts. A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. Bette Davis (1908-1989), American actress, descended from the Huguenot Favor family on her mother's side. 4,000 emigrated to the Thirteen Colonies, where they settled, especially in New York, the Delaware River Valley in Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey,[22] and Virginia. Most South African Huguenots settled in the, The majority of Australians with French ancestry are descended from Huguenots. [75] When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town, now in Goochland County. However, in France, the name France is ranked the 2,810 th . Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins. It includes links to books and societies that can help you find your ancestral name in France prior to the French Revolution, and it focuses on Protestant aristocratic families. It was in this year that some Huguenots destroyed the tomb and remains of Saint Irenaeus (d. 202), an early Church father and bishop who was a disciple of Polycarp. D.J.B. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Manifesto, (or Declaration of Principles), of the French Protestant Church of London, Founded by Charter of Edward VI. As a major Protestant nation, England patronised and helped protect Huguenots, starting with Queen Elizabeth I in 1562,[85] with the first Huguenots settling in Colchester in 1565. The surname Cordes is most commonly associated with Germany, Belgium, France and Spain. "[10], Some have suggested the name was derived, with similar intended scorn, from les guenon de Hus (the 'monkeys' or 'apes of Jan Hus'). Henry of Navarre and the House of Bourbon allied themselves to the Huguenots, adding wealth and territorial holdings to the Protestant strength, which at its height grew to sixty fortified cities, and posed a serious and continuous threat to the Catholic crown and Paris over the next three decades. Dutch immigrants were among the first groups of European settlers. Nearby villages are Hengoed, and Ystrad Mynach. Some remained, practicing their Faith in secret. Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry. Horsley, Hartley Bridge, Gloucestershire, England; Popular names: Hanks They assimilated with the predominantly Pennsylvania German settlers of the area. She has taught genealogy and has written books and articles on the subject, including Tracing Your Huguenot Ancestors and Tracing Your Family Tree in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. . Huguenot legacy persists both in France and abroad. Trim, . A. Roche promoted this idea among historians. [58], After this, the Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000[5]) fled to Protestant countries: England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussiawhose Calvinist Great Elector Frederick William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country. The Pennsylvania-German, Volume 12 . The community and its congregation remain active to this day, with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region. "The Secret War of Elizabeth I: England and the Huguenots during the early Wars of Religion, 1562-77. In the 18th century Germany looked to France as the model of civilization. Another Huguenot cemetery is located off French Church Street in Cork. [56], Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 villes de sret ('cities of protection' or 'protected cities') that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots. . They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground) in East London. The 1709ers would have worshipped in this church that was by that time already nearly 600 years old. With the precedent of a historical alliancethe Auld Alliancebetween Scotland and France; Huguenots were mostly welcomed to, and found refuge in the nation from around the year 1700. After the British Conquest of New France, British authorities in Lower Canada tried to encourage Huguenot immigration in an attempt to promote a Francophone Protestant Church in the region, hoping that French-speaking Protestants would be more loyal clergy than those of Roman Catholicism. The wars gradually took on a dynastic character, developing into an extended feud between the Houses of Bourbon and Guise, both of whichin addition to holding rival religious viewsstaked a claim to the French throne. Local church records and histories are very helpful in that regard. L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit in New York, founded in 1628, is older, but it left the French Reformed movement in 1804 to become part of the Episcopal Church. Research in these areas can be quite challenging. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom were intellectuals, doctors and business leaders whose skills were transferred to Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, South Africa and other places they fled to. "Huguenot Trails" publications are available in the periodicals section of the Quebec Family History Society in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. "[62], Foreign descendants of Huguenots lost the automatic right to French citizenship in 1945 (by force of the Ordonnance n 45-2441 du 19 octobre 1945, which revoked the 1889 Nationality Law). One of the more notable Huguenot descendants in Ireland was Sen Lemass (18991971), who was appointed as Taoiseach, serving from 1959 until 1966. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society. Inhabited by Camisards, it continues to be the backbone of French Protestantism. One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle. In Geneva, Hugues, though Catholic, was a leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favoured independence from the Duke of Savoy. And yet another fact hard to deny is that the Huguenot French component seems to have persevered to a greater extent culturally than the German. Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers, Cronje (Cronier), de Klerk (Le Clercq), de Villiers, du Plessis, Du Preez (Des Pres), du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage (Du Vinage), Franck, Fouch, Fourie (Fleurit), Gervais, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Gous/Gouws (Gauch), Hugo, Jordaan (Jourdan), Joubert, Kriek, Labuschagne (la Buscagne), le Roux, Lombard, Malan, Malherbe, Marais, Maree, Minnaar (Mesnard), Nel (Nell), Naud, Nortj (Nortier), Pienaar (Pinard), Retief (Retif), Roux, Rossouw (Rousseau), Taljaard (Taillard), TerBlanche, Theron, Viljoen (Vilion) and Visagie (Visage). Both kingdoms, which had enjoyed peaceful relations until 1685, became bitter enemies and fought each other in a series of wars, called the "Second Hundred Years' War" by some historians, from 1689 onward. The bulk of Huguenot migrs moved to Protestant states such as the Dutch Republic, England and Wales, Protestant-controlled Ireland, the Channel Islands, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the electorates of Brandenburg and the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Duchy of Prussia. Baird, Charles W. "History of the Huguenot Emigration to America." Thera Wijsenbeek, "Identity Lost: Huguenot refugees in the Dutch Republic and its former colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 to 1750: a comparison". Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. [citation needed], With the proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, pressures to leave France abated. ", Lien Bich Luu, "French-speaking refugees and the foundation of the London silk industry in the 16th century. Due to the Huguenots' early ties with the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch patriciate are of part-Huguenot descent. The last active Huguenot congregation in North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina, at a church that dates to 1844. Louisiana had the highest population of Hubert families in 1840. [22] A few families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec. Francis initially protected the Huguenot dissidents from Parlementary measures seeking to exterminate them. Huguenot Church The origin of the name Huguenot is unknown but believed to have been derived from combining phrases in German and Flemish that described their practice of home worship. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. [57], The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after travelling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Huguenot Memorial Museum was also erected there and opened in 1957. Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications. [41], In 1561, the Edict of Orlans declared an end to the persecution, and the Edict of Saint-Germain of January 1562 formally recognised the Huguenots for the first time. The most Hubert families were found in USA in 1880. [95][96] Many became private tutors, schoolmasters, travelling tutors and owners of riding schools, where they were hired by the upper class.[97]. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland. Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. Their names were Bevier, Hasbrouck, DuBois, Deyo, LeFever, and others. This action would have fostered relations with the Swiss. The Pennsylvania-German, Volume 9 Full view - 1908. Research genealogy for Alma Levi Russell Russell, as well as other members of the Russell family, on Ancestry. In addition, many areas, especially in the central part of the country, were also contested between the French Reformed and Catholic nobles. By the time Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Huguenots accounted for 800,000 to 1million people. Overall, Huguenot presence was heavily concentrated in the western and southern portions of the French kingdom, as nobles there secured practise of the new faith. Huguenot exiles in the United Kingdom, the United States, South Africa, Australia, and a number of other countries still retain their identity.[20][21]. The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. After John Calvin introduced the Reformation in France, the number of French Protestants steadily swelled to ten percent of the population, or roughly 1.8million people, in the decade between 1560 and 1570. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism illegal. Historians estimate that roughly 80% of all Huguenots lived in the western and southern areas of France. This parish continues today as L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit, now a part of the Episcopal Church (Anglican) communion, and welcomes Francophone New Yorkers from all over the world. [citation needed] Surveys suggest that Protestantism has grown in recent years, though this is due primarily to the expansion of evangelical Protestant churches which particularly have adherents among immigrant groups that are generally considered distinct from the French Huguenot population. In the United States, the name France is the 2,209 th most popular surname with an estimated 14,922 people with that name. During the second wave, before and after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, refugees came mostly from the Dauphin, Cvennes and Languedoc regions; the major route of exodus was the passage from Lake Geneva to the Rhine River. Menndez' forces routed the French and executed most of the Protestant captives. The surnames Boileau and Des Voeux have disappeared from this locality only a few years ago, General Boileau and Major Des Voeux with their families having left Portarlington. See my info below about how to contact Alsace-Lorraine, the two provinces where many Huguenots once lived. Around 1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Many descendants of the French Huguenots in South Africa still . While many family histories are given at length . Huguenots lived on the Atlantic coast in La Rochelle, and also spread across provinces of Normandy and Poitou. Bernard James Whalen was born on 25 April 1931, in Shullsburg, Lafayette, Wisconsin, United States. If you would like any more information, please email [email protected] or call on 01634 789 347. In the Dutch-speaking North of France, Bible students who gathered in each other's houses to study secretly were called Huis Genooten ("housemates") while on the Swiss and German borders they were termed Eid Genossen, or "oath fellows", that is, persons bound to each other by an oath. After centuries, most Huguenots have assimilated into the various societies and cultures where they settled. Research genealogy for Norma Jane "Jane" Haas of Chittenango, New York, as well as other members of the Haas family, on Ancestry. A peace treaty was arranged in 1658, and the Dutch returned", "444 Years: The Massacre of the Huguenot Christians in America", "Huguenots of Spitalfields heritage tours & events in Spitalfields Huguenot Public Art Trust", "Eglise Protestante Franaise de Londres", "The Huguenot Chapel (Black Prince's Chantry)", "The Strangers who enriched Norwich and Norfolk life", "The strangers and the canaries - Football Welcomes 2018", "Paths to Pluralism: South Africa's Early History", Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Mitterrand's Apology to the Huguenots (in French). "A Letter from Carolina, 1688: French Huguenots in the New World." It is the last name of former New York Yankees baseball player, Derek Jeter. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions. ", Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s. [citation needed], In World War II, Huguenots led by Andr Trocm in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in Cvennes helped save many Jews. huguenot surnames in germany. It used a derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally 'housemates'), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse ('Confederate' in the sense of 'a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy').[5]. Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenot cemetery, or the "Huguenot Burial Ground", has since been recognised as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries. Our research is done by experienced and dedicated . VanRuymbeke, Bertrand and Sparks, Randy J., eds. [16][17], The new teaching of John Calvin attracted sizeable portions of the nobility and urban bourgeoisie. By 1700 one fifth of the city's population was French-speaking. Many of their descendants rose to positions of prominence. Their Principles Delineated; Their Character Illustrated; Their Sufferings and Successes Recorded by William Henry Foote; Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1870 - 627, The Huguenots: History and Memory in Transnational Context: Essays in Honour and Memory of by Walter C. Utt, From a Far Country: Camisards and Huguenots in the Atlantic World by Catharine Randall, Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhsz, Guido Latr (eds), Fischer, David Hackett, "Champlain's Dream", 2008, Alfred A. Knopf Canada, article on EIDupont says he did not even emigrate to the US and establish the mills until after the French Revolution, so the mills were not operating for theAmerican revolution.